Adoption of a governance structure and work programme PRESENTATION OF FUTURE STEPS

Cet ouvrage est consacré au Niger, le fleuve des fleuves. Ce cours d’eau traverse quatre pays mais son bassin draine neuf (9) Etats d’Afrique de l’Ouest représentant un kaléidoscope de cultures et de paysages. Son nom original, «egerou n-igereou», signifie «fleuve des fleuves». Il lui a été donné par les Touaregs, qui voulurent ainsi souligner le caractère exceptionnel qu’avait pour eux ce cours d’eau. Le fleuve Niger est le 4ème bassin hydrographique d’Afrique avec ses 4.200 km de long et dont le bassin couvre environ 2,1 millions de km2 de superficie totale pour 1,5 millions de km2 de bassin actif. La gestion intégrée de ce potentiel hydrique et de ses écosystèmes associés est un enjeu majeur pour les Etats membres de l’Autorité du Bassin du Niger (ABN) et ses partenaires comme l’attestent les différentes thématiques abordées dans cet ouvrage. Nous sommes aujourd’hui tous conscients des priorités de développement du bassin et j’en suis convaincu que cet ouvrage contribuera à faire mieux connaître le bassin du Niger dans toute sa diversité aux plans tant national qu’international, et servira d’inspiration pour atteindre les objectifs de la Vision partagée. Enfin, cette publication est le témoignage d’une collaboration fructueuse entre l’ABN et deux ONG Internationales partenaires, le Fonds Mondial pour la Nature (WWF) à travers son Programme Eaux douces pour l’Afrique de l’Ouest et Wetlands International.

The Bani basin was classified into 4 clusters of similar catchments (Figures 2-4),  The topographic variables (Elev, ElevMin, ElevMax, Slo1), precipitation and the geographical position of the sub-catchment (Lat) were demonstrated to be the most important causes of similarity between catchments belonging to Cluster 2 and Cluster 4 (Table 2),  This study permitted to propose the two nomenclature: Group of northerly flat and semi-arid catchments, and group of southerly hilly and humid catchments.

The Integrated Farming Project and Pastoralism and Secure in West Africa (PEPISAO) undertook the design of a teaching guide, for the prevention and management of conflicts related to mobile livestock. This document will provide orderly and practical content for stakeholders in particular, technicians accompanying projects as well as direct stakeholders in the field (POs, transhumance committees, etc.). It should be remembered that the objective of PEPISAO is "to reduce conflicts linked to pastoralism by initiating the construction of a shared regional vision on the different ruminant farming methods ".

This work evaluated a collection of hundred groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties from different origin using twenty four (24) agro-morphological traits that can help to enhance selection efficiency in crop improvement. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of INRAN-Tarna, in the region of Maradi (Niger) during the rainy season of 2010. Analysis of variance showed a large variability among varieties for the agro-morphological traits. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) revealed that this variability is structured into four distinct groups. Groups I and II consisted of early varieties that have a high emergence rate and high pods and seed weight. These groups included mainly local varieties and those introduced in Niger through seed dissemination. Groups III and IV are composed of late varieties with large pods while group III had mostly varieties with long leaflets. Understanding the genetic control of the most discriminating among the studied traits would bring significant contribution to the genetic improvement of this important crop.

De nombreux bassins de drainage à travers le monde ne disposent d’aucune mesure de débit. Les méthodes de régionalisation sont alors généralement utilisées pour les prévisions en bassins non jaugés. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de prévoir les hydrogrammes d’écoulement dans le bassin du Bani afin de contribuer à l’amélioration de la connaissance sur la disponibilité des ressources en eau. Tout d'abord, le modèle hydrologique SWAT a été calibré sur de nombreux bassins jaugés sur la période de 1983-1992 et validé sur la période 1993-1997 en utilisant la méthode « Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) ». Ensuite, des groupes de bassins similaires ont été déterminés en fonction de leurs caractéristiques physiographiques et climatiques et au moyen d’une analyse statistique multivariée. Deux méthodes de régionalisation basées sur le concept de similarité entre bassins, ont été utilisées : la similarité physique et la proximité spatiale. Dans les deux cas, le jeu de paramètres calés du modèle est entièrement transféré du bassin jaugé vers le bassin non jaugé pour y simuler l’hydrogramme de débits journaliers de la période 1983-1997. Les résultats indiquent une bonne performance du modèle à l’échelle journalière et mensuelle, ainsi qu’à l’échelle du bassin et des sous-basins. La performance du modèle à l’échelle du bassin global et sur un pas de temps journalier est caractérisée par un critère de Nash de 0.76 et 0.84 et un coefficient de détermination de R2 de 0.79 et 0.87 en période de calibration et de validation, respectivement. Aussi, les valeurs absolues du PBIAIS demeurent inferieures à 25&, ce qui témoigne d’une bonne prévision du bilan d’eau. Il est à noter que les incertitudes associées demeurent satisfaisantes malgré les conditions de données limitées qui sous-tendent cette modélisation. Ainsi, 61& des débits observés (P-factor = 0.61) sont compris à l’intérieur de la bande d’incertitude dont la largeur reste adéquate (R-factor = 0.91). La calibration mensuelle a quant à elle permit d’atteindre une meilleure performance du modèle et une diminution des incertitudes à l’exception du bilan d’eau dont les erreurs de prévision semblent avoir augmenté. La calibration a également permis d'identifier 12 paramètres du modèle qui simulent au mieux les débits observés. Les bassins étudiés ont été classes en trois groupes: un groupe de bassins de plaine, semi-arides et situés au Nord, un autre groupe de bassins d’altitude qu’on rencontre dans les zones humides du Sud, et un troisième groupe situé dans le centre du bassin d'étude, à l'intérieur duquel, aucun des descripteurs semble se démarquer significativement des autres. Dans l'ensemble, la régionalisation a donné de bons résultats au niveau de plusieurs bassins cibles. Les meilleurs ont toutefois été enregistrés dans la zone aride et à l’exutoire global du bassin, particulièrement. Cependant, on note également une augmentation des incertitudes précisément dans cette zone. Une bonne similarité hydrologique mutuelle a été mise en évidence entre certains bassins, dont le meilleur indicateur reste la proximité spatiale. La connaissance de la disponibilité des ressources en eaux, particulièrement au niveau des bassins non jauges, est d’une utilité capitale dans plusieurs domaines d’application telles que l'allocation de l'eau pour la consommation et pour l'irrigation surtout en Afrique de l'Ouest qui fait face fréquemment à la gestion des risques liés au déficit en eau et a l'insécurité alimentaire en raison des impacts du changement climatique. Ces résultats contribuent également à une meilleure compréhension du fonctionnement hydrologique d’une zone jusque-là non explorée dans le domaine de la prévision en bassins non jaugés (PUB), et constituent une première étape vers de nouvelles investigations qui contribueront à l’amélioration des prévisions de l’information hydrologique.

Results showed that the model performance can be judged as very good (Moriasi et al., 2007) especially considering limited data condition and high climate, land use and soil type variabilities in the studied basin (Figure 1).  Prediction uncertainty is acceptable: most of the observed data (around 80& ) are bracketed by the 95PPU within an acceptable width (R-factor < 1). However, model is characterized by more prediction uncertainties during high flows (Figure 2).  The most sensitive parameters are mostly related to surface runoff reflecting the dominance of this process on the streamflow generation (Table 1).

In the south areas of Niamey, the capital of Niger, where there is a higher density of livestock because of the Niger River, cowpea is grown mainly for fodder. Unfortunately, there is a lack of dual-purpose cowpea varieties with high potential for fodder production. Therefore, an experiment was carried out in two sites (Ticko and Bogodjotou) located in the Southwest of Niamey during the rainy season of 2001 and 2002, in order to compare the production of nine cowpea varieties. The results indicated that in 2001, the fodder yield of all varieties were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of 2002. But not significant difference was recorded between the two sites during the two years. In 2001, at Ticko, “Baban waké", Kanannado and IT93K-398-2 had higher fodder yields than the remaining varieties with 1032 kg/ha, 879 kg/ha and 866 kg/ha respectively. The lowest fodder yields were recorded for Locale variety which is grown by farmers, IT89KD-349 and TVu 1234- 9 with 715 kg/ha, 499 kg/ha and 677 kg/ha, respectively. In 2002, the highest fodder yields were also recorded for introduced varieties such as “Baban waké", IN92E-3, IT89KD-288, IT89KD-349, Kanannado, IT93K-398- 2 and TN256-87 compared to Locale variety. The results indicated the possibility to increase fodder production through the introduction of dual-purpose cowpeas and thus increasing farmers’ income. © 2011 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.

Weeds are a major constraint to rice (Oryza sativa) production in sub-Saharan Africa. Use of mechanical hand weeders could reduce the labor required for weeding. This paper uses a participatory approach to examine the suitability of six mechanical weeders in Benin. A total of 157 farmers (93 male, 64 female) in 14 villages tested the mechanical weeders, ranked them in order of preference, and compared them with their own weed management practices. The ring hoe had the highest rank, followed by the straight-spike weeder; 97& of the farmers preferred the ring hoe to their own weed management practices, by hand or using traditional hoe, because of its easy operation and high efficiency. The ring hoe tended to be preferred especially in the fields with non-ponded water and relatively higher weed pressure. The straight-spike weeder tended to be preferred to ring hoe in the fields where weed pressure is less, whereas in ponded conditions, farmers liked these two weeders in equal proportion. The preference of weeders was not related to gender, rice field size, or years of experience of rice cultivation. Among 23 farmers who used herbicides, 17 farmers preferred herbicides to the ring hoe and have rice field of >0.5 ha. Mechanical weeders can offer an effective approach for weed management, especially for smallscale rice farmers, and different types of mechanical weeders should be introduced to farmers based on water regimes and weed pressure level.

Although nitrogen application could improve growth and yield of roselle, fertilizer recommendations for Niger are lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two treatments of nitrogen (N1=50 kg N,ha-1 and N2=100 kg N.ha-1) on yields and yield components in three ecotypes of Roselle (A3, A7 and A9). An increase in nitrogen was associated with an increase in leaf yield in every ecotype. However, there was no significant difference in yields between N1 and N2. Compared with the control plants (N0), the increase was about 181& for A3, 70& for A7 and 95& for A9 at N2. This level of nitrogen significantly decreased seed yield by 30& for A3 and 48&, respectively for A7 and A9. Nitrogen treatment had no effect on calyx yield which was approximately identical for the three ecotype (420 kg ha-1). With the exception of the number of branches/plant, yield components were not affected by nitrogen application. Therefore, N1 could be considered as the optimum fertilization for leaf yield.

Following the update of the agro-hydro-climatic forecasts made in July 2017, the perspectives for the cumulative rainfall, ending dates of the season and river basins flows for the 2017 season remain broadly unchanged from the conclusions of the Seasonal Forecast Forum held in May 2017 in Accra, Ghana. As for the onset dates of the season and the durations of the longest dry spells during the crop installation phase, they were generally confirmed by the field observations and the analyses at the regional level.

The consortium 4 ‰ : a light and effective organisation to build together the Initiative

UNCCD took effect in 1996 and was conceived of "to forge a global partnership to reverse and prevent desertification/land degradation and to mitigate the effects of drought in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental sustainability." Bringing together at the same time countries affected in whole or in part by desertification and land degradation, and developed countries expected to support the affected countries, the UNCCD has struggled since its creation to mobilise the necessary political will and funding. But, nearly 20 years on, the UNCCD has reset itself with the adoption of a 10-year Strategy (2008-2018) to combat land degradation and desertification. This recent change of tack is sorely needed in West Africa, where the agricultural sector accounts for 35& of GDP and occupies a very extensive part of the working population. It is handicapped by poor soils and the encroaching desert. These phenomena are exacerbated by already very perceptible changes to the climate and powerful demographic pressures. The key issues of UNCCD for Africa, in particular West Africa, are clear: Introduction Land degradation and desertification are major constraints to economic and social development. Inspired by that realisation, African, Latin American, and Mediterranean leaders called into being the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Translation: Peter Gaechter, SOS Sahel  Sharply increased funding for sustainable land management (SLM) is essential in order to scale up: at least 2 billion US$ would be necessary to manage land sustainably in the 17 CILSS/CEDEAO countries ;  The Global Mechanism should be implemented and, as underlined in the 10year Strategy, “the sources and mechanisms of innovative funding, in particular from the private sector should be identified ”;  The implementation of a scheme of Zero Net Land Degradation should be explored, which aims at compensating degraded land by an equal quantity of restored land and to achieve a balance. Indeed, this scheme would allow degraded land to be restored and contribute to combating degradation and desertification, the protection of biodiversity, reducing climate change, and improving adaptation to it, as well as, obviously, food security;  The recent process of setting up a subsidiary body, the Science-Policy Interface (SPI), requires it to become quickly more operational and to work on strategic investment frameworks in SLM.